Check out chapter 14 of the The Recent Complex Creation part III

http://pearlmancta.com/complexcreationpart3.htm

for some new content on the history and timing of ancient Israel in relation to the Exodus.

Including comments and links on:

the 400 year anniversary stele http://pearlmancta.com/SteleoftheEraof400Years.htm that:

if Rameses II reign pre exodus relates to span from Covenant between the parts and Egyptian independence due to the victory of Avraham over the Hyksos 4 kings.

if Rameses II is really Necho II as some have concluded, 400 years is from the Egyptian independence due to Saul defeat of Amalekite Hyksos king Agog (Apop II) .

Either way beating Hashem administered Egypt by 2448 Exodus allowed eventual Amalikite Hyksos take over of Egypt till Saul's 2882 victory over them 434 years later.

and

Ipuwer papyrus an Egyptian perspective of the 10 plagues.

http://pearlmancta.com/ipuwerpapyrus.htm

Alternate theory somewhere in between that Israel were the Hyksos.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos

Hyksos being understood to mean foreign rulers

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14) Ancient Egypt, Israel, and Mesopotamian Dates.

The Torah dating taken in context of all references and Chazal commentary is the true timing. Some of the factors for accurate reconciliation of Torah dating are:

The 'son of' can mean the grandson. For example Evil-Merodach was the son of Nebuchadnezzar. Belshazzar was the grandson via his mother Nictoris, wife of Nabonidus (Nabu-naid).
Jewish and Righteous kings like Cyrus (at least to start) reigns are counted using Nissan (month 1). Other rulers we use Tishrei(month 7) or from when they ascended.
If when a specific month when that month was after 1 or 30 days into rule should determine if counted as a year.
Years stated can refer to term after subjugation and revolt. Such as King Yehoiakim in Daniel 1:1. Compare with Jer. 25:1, Kings II 24:1 and Seder Olam 24-25.
There can be varying views consistent with Torah of who we consider the relevant ruler, how to match up that ruler with the secular list, or how many different rulers there were in a fixed set of years. For example see commentators on Ezra 6:14.

The name of a location may be based on the name at the time Moses wrote the 5 books. For example Gen 14:7 when talking about the 4 kings refers to the lands around Kadesh (Barnea) in the Negev based on the future Amalekite presence there even though Amalek had not been born yet. (Rashi).
Since the Persians adopted the Jewish 19 year cycle their months were in line with the Hebrew months. See Tractate Rosh Hashanah study guide Torah Lishma Institute.

There are many more solid reference points, checks and balances to the Jewish time line where even a one year discrepancy will be examined and reconciled. At least three independent transcripts: Kings, Chronicles and the Prophets with many interacting personalities: 15 Judges of Israel, Kings of Judea and Kings of Israel, High Priests, 48 Prophets, Generals, Foreign Rulers and more. Our dedication to the preservation without alteration and public promulgation of the original 24 books is well know and verified by such discoveries as the Dead Sea Scrolls.

Academic dating of the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamian Kings does not always consider:

Some ruled concurrently. Darius, Cyrus, and Xerxes (Ahasuerus) were already active and are given credit for years that overlap with predecessors or successors. Some were acting, interim, or vassal kings. At times a King off to war appointed an acting king at home. Perhaps the cases of Xerxes and Darius II, Nabonidus and Belshazzar.
An officer or General that would later become king can get credit for pre inauguration conquests thus years.
Efforts were made to erase the memory of some disliked predecessors by some Pharaohs. At the least they might include the names of their own line and not enemy dynasties on decorative wall lists. Another example of revisionist history is some later versions of Manethos were changed to undermine the Biblical time line. It is claimed the elimination of Necho II from the records was by his son. More likely Necho was known and well preserved in the record as Rameses II.
The same name applied to more then one individual. For example Artaxerxes could be a Persian title as Pharaoh Egyptian. Confusion with more then one Darius, Rameses, or the like.
Multiple names that apply to one individual. Sometimes it is a change in status, sometimes different names in different languages. Think of Abram who became Abraham, Hagar to Keturah, Jacob to Israel, Yisro is Hobev, Joseph is Asnat Panaeh, Daniel is Belshazzar, Chanania is Shadrach, Mishel is Mishach, Azariah is Abed Nego. Some Pharaoh kings had five names types. Sometimes just one of the five types would itself be composed of several names. We know 6 such names for one type of name of a particular Pharaoh. If it is true the relatively recent and well known Sargon is Sennacherib 750 years after the Exodus, how can one accept academics with even more obscure and ancient history without full disclosure, proof and sources down to the smallest assumption.
Names of an area Rameses may precede by a long time Pharaoh with similar name. If you drop the Pheh the remaining sounds of Pathrushim son of Mitzrayim is the same as Rameses.
The long time it took Egypt to recover from the 2448 Exodus. Secular diehards do not understand why or for how long Egypt was knocked off the radar as a major player by the 10 plagues and loss of remaining army in the sea. It would be 434 years before King Saul defeat of Agog (Apop) allowing the end of the Amalekite Hyksos rule of Egypt.
Potential longevity, the greater potential of that time is explained in prior chapters.
Astronomical assumptions. If the Egyptians Calendar changed from a lunar system to a solar system. Did that start with the start of a once in a 1,460 year occurrence? If so do you use the mid occurrence or as some believe the prior? But what if it started with the more recent 1460 cycle? If so if one uses the mid they would need 1460 years worth of fudge. If the prior, 2,920 years of fudge. No one stood outside for 1460 years, and Ancient Egypt did not keep good records for even 400 years. So someone was able to calculate the cycle and Egypt could have adopted it mid cycle.
Competition among the civilizations to have the longest and or most illustrious history.
Spotty records and reference points. Hundreds of alleged years between Merneptah Stele and next reference to Israel in Canaan.
Evidence and events from the real time frame if not in line with preconceived notion.
Misinterpretation of scriptures, then discarding evidence that only appears wrong because of misinterpretation. For example from the end of a reign was interpreted by some as into a reign.
Confusing the name of a place. For example Kadesh (Barnea) in the Negev, Kadesh in Northern Israel.
Confusing the name of a people, were the Hittites VS Rameses II from the son of Canaan we know from Abraham and David or unrelated Neshili people from Turkey, Syria, Lebanon area?
Dating evidence to the wrong time frame and thus not comprehending its significance like the Ipuwer Papyrus.
All these can lead to disparity between actual VS. academic dating.

The Ipuwer Papyrus recounts from an Egyptian perspective the effects the ten plagues and loss of the army (at the closing of the sea) had on Egypt. Perhaps more significant it implicitly contracts the time gap between the old and mid kingdoms.



We know there were ten generations from Adam to Noah years 1-1056. Another ten generations years 1056-1948 from Noah to Abraham. From Adam through Tzidkiahu 1-3338 we know the name of each person, their son, their dates of birth, how old they were when their son was born in an unbroken time line. Often we know the names plus more of tens of their contemporaries, corresponding events along with names of places. From Jacob we have a 12 column lineage starting in Haran, through the remaining years in Egypt, the 40 years in the Midbar and return into the land with Joshua.

The Mabul was in year 1656, Birth of Abraham 1948, Dispersion at Babel 1996. The covenant between the parts was 22 years later.

From the year 2018 covenant between the parts between Hashem and Abraham it was 30 years till the birth of Isaac. It was 400 years from the birth of Isaac till the Exodus in 2448. We know from it was 480 years from the Exodus when King Solomon constructed the Holy Temple in 2928. The scriptural timeline adds 480 and is spelled out in Kings I Chapter 6. It was another 410 years with the holy Temple when Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the 410 year old Holy Temple in 3338. Every year on the 17th of Tammuz till the 9th of Av we recall this loss. Kings 1 and 2, Chronicles 1 and 2 record enough about the Kings of Judea, the kings of the 10 Tribes of Israel, Prophets, and Cohanim to pinpoint and corroborate the time span. We know it was 18 Years from when Nebuchadnezzar began the exile of Judah during Reign of Yehoiachin in 3320 till destroying the Holy Temple destroyed in 3338.

It was 70 years from the exile in 3320 till the start of the return of the children of Israel by the decree of Cyrus the Great in 3390.

It was 70 Years from the destruction in 3338 till the resumption of the Holy Temple II construction in 3408 under Darius (II)the Persian. It would be 420 years till 70CE (3828) when Vespasian's Romans destroyed Temple II by which point Academics generally know the accurate year.

Nebuchadnezzar and his children would reign 70 years (Jeremiah 29:10) 3319 till 3389. Nebuchadnezzar started his first year with the destruction of Nineveh. Nebuchadnezzar also had a 7 year (corresponding to years Solomon took to build Holy Temple Nebuchadnezzar destroyed) time out when his son Evil Merodach stepped in (Daniel 4:22). That Darius the Mede was born the year Nebuchadnezzar entered the sanctuary 62 years before he wrested control from Babylonian rule in 3389. A year later in 3390 under Cyrus was 52 years from the 3338 destruction and 18 years before the construction resumption in 3408. We know it was 34 Years later when in 3442 Alexander the Great wrested control from the Persians. Then 180 years till 3622 Chasmonei revolt and Chanukah. Setting the stage the same year for Rome's dominion of Greece.

400 Years was a important benchmark in Egyptian history. Like 70 years in Bavel. Belshazzar miscalculated when the 70 years began. When the end of Babel or the Jewish redemption did not occur when expected he thought Hashem had forsaken the Children of Israel or was powerless. He held a celebration breaking out the holy vessels from the Holy Temple. The handwriting on the wall as interpreted by Daniel proved deadly accurate. The end was at hand for the Babylonian empire and redemption at hand for Israel.

In Egypt too some miscalculated by up to 30 years when that 400 year exile began. Thinking the 400 years was complete part of one of the 12 tribes of Israel made an unsuccessful attempt to return to Israel. If Rameses II lived before the redemption his 400 year anniversary Stele was no doubt celebrating prematurely like Belshazzar that Hashem had forsaken Israel or powerless to keep His word. This would explain why no record of a 100, 200 or 300 year celebration. The covenant between the parts happened shortly after Abraham beat the 4 kings, another period and group of foreign (Hyksos) rule over Egypt. As Saul did about 865 years later, Abraham saved Egypt from a period of Hyksos rule. It is easy to make a connection to a reference as the 'One' in the Stele as referring to Abraham the Ivri. Avraham who proclaimed One and only One Creator and manager of the universe., Abraham who alone was saved from the furnace of Ur casdim, Abraham whose family alone spoke Edonic Hebrew post Babel.

As it turned out we were redeemed at the Exodus 400 years to the day at the promised time. In hindsight we know the 400 year exile of Abraham's descendents began with the birth of the relevant line of offspring. It was 400 years from the birth of Isaac, 430 years from the covenant between the parts which was 30 years before the birth of Isaac. By the Exodus the 400 year period became common knowledge.

While from the Torah account we know exactly when where why and how the 400 year term till the Exodus and 480 year term from the Exodus the Stele of the Era of 400 years is the longest such Egyptian span. The end point is Rameses II the son of Seti the great. The start point is understood to be Egyptian independence from Hyksos rule. It does not detail what transpired during those 400 years. We can use the Torah account to understand what triggered the start of, and what was happening during, those 400 years. The start point has been placed at Ahmose/Khamose Egyptian relief from the Hyksos. We already made the case if it is the 4 King Hyksos due to Abraham's victory. If it was the Amalekite Hyksos under King Apop (Agog) credited to the 'One' who is King Saul 2882 and 2884. Why they fail to name King Saul in this case or other disliked kings in other cases, may be compared to why hostile Arab regimes omit the name of the State of Israel from maps today. The use of the word 'One' may be related to Saul and Israel worshipping only the One G-d. This was at the time of the Prophet Samuel. 400 years later King Josiah (Yoshiahu), a contemporary of Necho II who ruled from 3285 to 3316. Necho II (who can also be called 2 nachos) is the Greek name for Rameses II. So 400 years of Egyptian independence, as a result of King Saul's decimating the Amalekite Hyksos, would be during the reign of Rameses II. Rameses II has also been claimed to be Shishak who interacted with the first kings of the split kingdom of Judea and the 10 tribes after Solomon. This would have been only 100 years from the victory of King Saul over Hyksos king Apop. That Rameses II was the Pharaoh at the time of the Exodus makes little sense. That so much record of Rameses II remains is additional evidence he was much more recent then Shishak and is indeed Necho II.

Yoshiahu was a righteous King. While the Assyrians met their end due to their going against Israel they were right in warning us not to rely on the 'broken reed' that is Egypt. When leaned on a broken reed will cut. Instead of being grateful for Israel taking out their Assyrian enemy it was soon 'what did you do for me lately'. Just as Rome did after Israel stopped the Hellenistic Syrian Greeks, Egypt turned on their benefactors with the murder of Yoshiahu at Meggido. It would not be long before Hashem exercised judgment on those Egyptians at the Battle of Carchemish.

Some other Stelae of interest are the famine stele telling of the '7 year' famine thought to during the tenure of Djoser. Of course it may have been know as the 7 year famine even though it only lasted till the arrival of Jacob due to the dream of pharaoh and interpretation and preparations by Joseph. Or it could the remaining years of famine were delayed till after the Exodus.

The Magical stele tells of the serpent demon apophis an enemy of the sun false deity rah. That would give added significance to the staff to serpent sign Hashem had Moshe demonstrate to Pharaoh.

The Mesha stele tells of Mesha King of Moab around the time of kings Asa (2984- 3025)and Yehoshaphat (3025-3049) Yehoram (3049-3054)of Judea and king Omri (3010-3021), his son Achav (3021-3042) and his sons Achaziah (3042-3043) and Yehoram (3043-3055)of Israel. Moab was born from Lot and his younger daughter after being rescued by Hashem from Sodom. The Stele is thought to refer to the Dynasty of King David, a bit over 100 years had passed since the time of King David (2884-2924).

The Tel Dan Stele reference to the Dynasty of King David is even more widely accepted.

After the first pyramids from the time of Joseph later pyramids had straw based mud bricks(Exodus 5:7) on the inside, exteriors were to be stone. See James K. Hoffmeier's 'out of Egypt' Biblical Archaeology review Jan '07. It pictures a tomb of Rekmire visor of Thutmose III wall paintings. They show the brick making using straw process, with overseer rod and all. Also Kenneth Kitchen's 'From the brick fields of Egypt'. The Exodus left many unfinished till today. Calibrated C-14 dates on mud bricks and layers of the Amenemhet 1 pyramid core test over 800 younger than the presumed end of his reign, 1959BCE.127 This closes much of the 1000-year gap between the start of the western chronology 3150BCE and post Mabul history from 2104BCE. Much C-14 pyramid dating is of reused wood and charcoal we used to bake the bricks, which only shows when the wood stopped growing. Older cultural material use for expedience or authenticity was common. Certain pollution enables chemical reactions that shield the atmosphere. Edward Teller of Nuclear fame has proposed capitalizing on this economical alternative to emission control. We were refined as a nation in 'The Iron furnace of Egypt'. The tremendous amount of smoke from the brick making fires and smelters likely caused low isotope levels in local straw whose C-14 dated age would be exaggerated. Pre-Exodus the radiation buildup was still in progress as life spans still exceeded 120; again unadjusted dating would overstate age results. During Peleg's life ended the year of the Dispersion of Babel, 1996, the continents separated and Earth's axis was stabilizing. So either astronomical assumptions western science uses to date early ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia need adjustment or academics are looking so many years off the mark they fail to consider more recent astronomical events as relevant. The logical fallacy of circular reasoning comes to play when Mesopotamian and Egyptian dates are calibrated. Correspondence or engagement by some Mesopotamian rulers to their inaccurately dated Egyptian Pharaoh contemporaries and visa versa leads to faulty dating in both.

Looking for evidence of the Exodus when you are off by hundreds of years is like looking for evidence of Columbus sailing in the 20th century so don't conclude he did not sail if you do not find evidence in the wrong place. See James Long's work the 'Riddle of the Exodus', Lightcatcher books for compelling archeological evidence backing the Torah account and timeline with our bondage placed during the old kingdom. Another finding of this work is Joseph designed the stepped pyramid, one of the first. The proportion of time elapsed from the founding of Egypt till pyramid construction began correlates nicely with this.

Noah had three sons Shem, Ham (teacher of? Hamurabi = Ham Who is my Rabbi) and Yaphet. The Mabul was in 1656. The dispersion from Bavel in 1996. If Ham founded Hebron right away for his son Canaan, we know seven years later he founded Zoan (Tanis?) the first capital of Egypt no sooner then 2003, for another son Mitzrayim. Mitzrayim is the name used in Bible for Egypt. Of seventy distinct peoples worldwide Mitzrayim's seven sons and their heirs were major players in Ancient Egypt's formation. We know Egypt was up and running during a period of famine when Abraham visited 44 years before the birth of Isaac and Hyksos conquest of Egypt. So Egypt had just been founded prior to that visit. It is safe to say Abraham who left with great wealth was also a big early influence. Abraham's sojourn and legacy in Egypt likely left the recently discovered earliest known alphabetic inscriptions. Like Rashi we often reserved the original Edenic Chumash script for the most sanctified uses, leading experts to mistakenly believe the later scripts came first. Ever is a great grandson of Shem(source of 'semite'). Of Ever's surviving descendants only Avraham the 'Ivri' spoke 'Ivri'(Hebrew) the others spoke Aramaic and were called Arameans (Radak). The source of Ivri can be the name Ever, or Avraham came from across 'over' the river, or by independent thinking and refusal to follow a majority to evil Avraham stood 'opposed' to prevalent idol worship theory of the time. Isaac was born 2048 400 years before the Exodus. The covenant between the parts was in 2018 thirty years earlier and just after the defeat of the 4 Hyksos kings by Avraham. Nimrod is Amrafel, another one of those kings may have been Hamurabi. Of the 4 academic ranges for Hamurabi 2018 dates smack in the middle between the very low/low and mid/high range. The Hyksos kings established rule 14 years prior in 2004. Zoan would later be the Hyksos capital and is in the area near Rameses and Goshen. The Hyksos dynasty is likely linked to the four kings including the mighty Nimrod (Amrafel)from Babel and perhaps Hamurabi is Elam son of Shem (Chedorlaomer) ruler of Elam. Josephus places the Hyksos period sometime between Joseph and Moses. Hyksos could also refer to Amalekite's who were descended from a Ishmael and Esav. Some think Hyksos introduced the chariot to Egypt. We know Egypt had chariots by the Exodus, perhaps losing them all and having them reintroduced later by the Amalekite Hyksos. After we beat the Amalekite's in the midbar when Moses raised his staff teaching Hashem is the source of all energy and matter the Amalekite's looked for an easier target and took over Egypt till King Saul defeated Agog (Apop) in 2882 434 years after the Exodus. There may have been a time gap after the Exodus till the Amalekite's took over Egypt and a few years after King Saul's victory till Egypt was rid of remaining Hyksos affiliated authority. So Hyksos may be a general term referring to several separate groups of foreign rulers in Egypt. The Egyptian term Hapiru may mean Hebrew, Shasu may relate to Jew.

Elam was the elder son of Shem(source of Semite)son of Noah. Nimrod was a grandson of Ham and was the first to use war to establish a world empire. They also subjugated Sodom whose revolt ended in failure. Lot's capture spurred Avraham to action. Avraham with his servant Eliezer of Damascus triumphed shortly before the 'Covenant between the Parts' in 2018. Year's earlier Nimrod had cast Avraham, and brother, Lot's father, into the furnace at the well-documented Mesopotamian City of Ur. This was for Avraham promoting allegiance to one Creator. This could interfere with Nimrod's ability to control people or upset free spirits, moral equivocators, and other religious establishments. Sodom eventually paid the penalty for sanctioning selfishness, etc. A crater near the southern end of the Dead Sea may be linked to the areas devastation in 2047, Genesis 19:23. Brimstone was scattered all over the area and is used to this day, as one would gather wood elsewhere for a camp fire, as fuel in that area.

Old kingdom Pepy II's reign of 94 years would confirm the longevity potential of the era. Some dispute that # and claim 65 years or so. Disbelieving longevity implied by historic accounts of some figures in Mesopotamian history causes academics to err. Records that include claims of reigns over a 1000 years are based on myth and relate to false gods that never ruled anything.

After the flood Noah offered sacrifices to Hashem at Jerusalem. Shem and his great grandson Ever, had a theological seminary in Jerusalem. Isaac studied there after the test of his sacrifice in 2085. Shortly after Avraham passed on in 2123 Esau the twelfth generation from Noah took vengeance by assassinating Nimrod. On his return Esau affirmed the birthright to Jacob over the lentil soup. Joseph descended to Egypt in 2216. His leadership along with the arrival of Jacob and 70 family members in 2238 enabled the period of greatest achievement in Egypt. Joseph's policies also benefited the priestly cast. Perhaps in foresight to keeping the tribe of Levy exempt from servitude. Later the tribe of Levi would stop the sin of the Golden Calf and replace the first born of Israel as the directors of Torah service and education. likewise today it is wise to exempt serious full time Yeshiva students from military duty, as their merit will protect the nation. It was the golden age for Egypt and Jews too until our bondage developed between 2332-2361.

Moshe was born in 2368. He left by age 40 and returned after the wonder of the burning bush at age 80. Some of the early exploits by Moses are noted in the Medrash. The Exodus was on the 15 of Nissan in year 2448. Seven weeks 'Shavuot' later we accepted and received Torah at Sinai. By the 24th of Kislev 2449 the Tabernacle was ready. Four hundred years after Joshua led the 12 tribes over the Jordan dry shod King David was reigning from Hebron than Jerusalem. In 2928 Ten years into King Solomon's reign the First Temple replaced the Tabernacle 480 years after the Exodus. For 410 years we performed the Temple service until 3338 when the 70-year count of exile to Babel commenced.

Western bible scholars misdate 165 years early the destruction of the first Temple, an error that carries past King David. The loss at Meggido by King Yoshiahu to Pharaoh Necho II was in 3316. Recent research confirms the Torah dating. Construction of the palaces and the famous gates of Meggido were during Solomon's rule 2924-2964. The 10 plagues, exodus in 2448 of the children of Israel with great wealth, accompanied by a mixed multitude of others, and drowning of pursuing Egyptian army in the sea, left Egypt drained economically and its influence in a downward spiral. Lands deforested for farming and brick making were made desert. This was a good time for the Amalekite who attacked and were repelled by Israel just weeks after the Exodus in 2448 to turn their attention to and eventually take over Egypt. It would be in 2882 that King Saul's great victory over Amalekite Hyksos King Agog (Apop) that would break the Hyksos grasp on Egypt.

Rameses II was not at either Kadesh in 1275 BCE (2485)just a few years before Joshua led the 12 Tribes across the Jordan on the 10th day of Nissan, 2488. Either it was about 30 years before the Exodus or if his reign as misdated as suspected Rameses II is Necho II about 865 Years later. Excavations at Jericho confirmed hands off booty policy there as grain bins were not plundered. The city of Ay we know Joshua burnt was determined to have endured an especially intense fire. The altar of Joshua(8:30)(reign 2488-2516)at Mount Eval is right there as recorded in scripture.

Bill T. Arnold points out while most papyrus records may have perished the parallels with the Babylonian empire give additional credence to Kings David (2884-2924) and Solomon (2924-2964) reigns unifying the tribes of Israel from Hebron then Jerusalem. It would be another 241 years till the exile of the ten tribes in 3205 by Sennacherib. This is 757 years after the Exodus. Egypt extended its grasp far north again but never attained the dominant position they had. It wasn't till after Hashem causes the downfall of Sennacherib on behalf of Israel under Judean King Hezekiah as foretold by Isaiah that Egypt would push north to the Euphrates River. Pharaoh Necho was able to contend against Assyria (Kings II 23:29). 103 years after the downfall of Sennacherib whose agents warned King Hezekiah not to rely on the 'splintered reed being Egypt' (kings II 18:21), Egypt like Rome later would, has already double crossed Israel. Hashem allows Pharaoh Necho to kill King Josiah at Har Meggido(Armageddon) and then to avenge the righteous King Josiah hashem used Nebuchadnezzar to destroy the Egyptians in Carcemish (Jeremiah 46:10).

Chaladean is linked to Casdi related to Ur Casdim where Nimrod wronged Avram. Avraham's descendents Chanania, Mishael and Azariah (Daniel chapter 3) likewise were saved by Hashem from the furnace. Nebuchadnezzar came to fear Hashem.

During 3389-3390 Darius 1 also realized an urgent heightened respect for Hashem after the miracle of Daniel in the lions den. In 3390 his son in law Coresh (Cyrus the Great) authorized the rebuilding of the Holy Temple. As today local gentile transplants were strongly opposed and work was delayed in 3393 coinciding with the Purim epic. After the reaffirmation of Torah covenant by the Jews in 3405 and measure for measure judgment on our enemies restoration efforts resumed and were completed 4 years later during the reign of Darius II, the son of Esther, in 3412. This seventy years span without the Temple service corresponded to 70 Sabbatical years we had previously failed to observe properly. Today Keren Hashivis .org is helping increase observance of this important commandment in the holy land. Iranian Jews often visit Susa (Shushan HaBira) the Persian capital city remains mentioned in the Megillah of Esther. Persians still pay reverence to Daniel at his Tomb. Most of the nations and cities mentioned in Tanach have also been identified, Edom, Bavel, Padan Aram, Ur, Haran, Hevron, Zoan, Shilo, Nineveh, Jericho, Shechem, etc. This period is the approximate timing of the Persian 'Late' period of Egypt Dynasties.

Just like we number the days of the week to testify to Creation and thank the Creator, and as we number the months from the spring month to testify and show gratitude for the Exodus so to we also use the Persian month names (Nissan, Iyar, Sivan ...) to recognize Hashem for ending that exile. Also because the Persians adopted our 19 year cycle for determining the months. Why do the months we use seem to number the months from the spring month when we 'March' ed out of Egypt Sept .-Dec. = 7 - 10 months? Does Tevet also mean ten or is ten from Tevet?

The hand writing on the wall signaled time was up for Belshazzar, as he disrespected our Holy vessels, at the end of the Babylonian empire. This ushered in the Persian empire. Ptolemy was right on with 75 years from the start of Nebuchadnezzar rule till the end of Cyrus the Great. It was only another 50 years till Alexander the Great. If you add Ptolemy reigns of Cabyses, Xerxes(Ahasuerus) and Darius II we get 50 years. Ptolemy places Darius I after instead of before Cyrus the Great where he should be. He also often counts years when vassals or concurrent rule. Other names are confused and might refer to another person and another name is at times the same person. By the time of Alexander academics are only off by about 13 years.

In 3442-3454 Alexander the Great beat Darius II expanding the Greek Empire. It ended 180 years later with the Chasmonei uprising that Chanukah commemorates with the wonder of the burning oil of 3622. The rise of the Roman Empire was the result. The Chasmonei dynasty were Cohanim not from the line of Judah and David. A reign of Israel by other then the seed of David will not endure. At some point they invited ally Rome to mediate internal disputes. 75 years later in 3697 Pompeii acts in perceived narrow self interest and conquers Jerusalem. 131 years later in 3828 the 420 year old Second Holy temple (Bayit Sheni)is destroyed. Wealth from the Holy Temple are used to fund the construction of the coliseum of Rome. Within a decade in 79 CE the Roman city named after Pompeii is destroyed by volcanic eruption.

The Creator expedited the exodus from Egypt. A demonstrative plague one week a month for most months with the final 3 in a 15 day span. taking the children of Israel from the depths of despair to exalted redemption. So is Hashem able to complete the redemption process speedily in our days. By the miraculous 6 day war in 5728, 1,900 years (100 19 year lunar cycles)after fall of Gamla and Bayit Sheni, Hashem returned the Golan and Temple Mount to Israel. Now 40 years later will new leadership emerge for good?

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hope to edit when able.
any corrections or additional reference points /identities to correlate time lines please memo.


Roger M. Pearlman
rmpcta@aol.com
310-948-5137

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The Recent Complex Creation

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